Archiwa configuration

Introduction

Managing configuration safely and reliably is crucial in web development. Node.js developers frequently use environment variables to inject configuration details like API keys, database URLs, and application secrets, keeping sensitive data out of source code. In this guide, you’ll learn best practices for using environment variables in Node.js projects.

Why Use Environment Variables?

Security: Keep sensitive info out of your codebase.
Flexibility: Easily change configuration without code changes.
Portability: Move your app between environments (development, testing, production) effortlessly.

Accessing Environment Variables in Node.js

Node.js exposes environment variables through the process.env global object. Access variables as shown below:

console.log(process.env.NODE_ENV); // outputs 'development', 'production', etc.

If you try to access an undefined variable, it will return undefined, so always check for its existence:

const dbUrl = process.env.DB_URL;\nif (!dbUrl) {\n  throw new Error('DB_URL is required!');\n}

Setting Environment Variables

On Unix/Linux/macOS

export PORT=3000\nnode app.js

On Windows (CMD)

set PORT=3000\nnode app.js

On Windows (PowerShell)

$env:PORT=3000\nnode app.js

Using a .env File with dotenv

Manually managing variables can be cumbersome, especially as your project grows. The popular dotenv package loads environment variables from a .env file into process.env automatically.

Installation

npm install dotenv

Usage

// app.js\nrequire('dotenv').config();\nconsole.log(process.env.SECRET_TOKEN);\n

Create a .env file in your project’s root:

SECRET_TOKEN=mysecrettoken123\nDB_URL=mongodb://localhost:27017/devdb\n

Important: Add .env to your .gitignore to avoid committing secrets.

Best Practices

Don’t commit secrets: Keep .env files out of source control.
Document required variables: List them in a .env.example file.
Validate variables: Use runtime checks or tools like envalid for type-safety.
Use prefixes for app-specific variables: For monorepos or serverless environments, e.g., MYAPP_DB_HOST.

Example: Config Management in Node.js

Here’s a basic example of using environment variables for configuration:

// config.js\nrequire('dotenv').config();\n\nmodule.exports = {\n  port: process.env.PORT || 3000,\n  dbUrl: process.env.DB_URL,\n  secretToken: process.env.SECRET_TOKEN,\n};\n\n// app.js\nconst config = require('./config');\nconsole.log(`App running on port ${config.port}`);

Conclusion

Environment variables are a backbone of robust Node.js applications. Mastering them helps you write cleaner, more secure, and portable web applications. Always remember to keep your secrets private and document your configuration keys for your team’s safety and productivity.

\n","Working with Environment Variables in Node.js","status","publish","sticky",false,"excerpt","

Learn how to effectively use environment variables in Node.js to manage configurations, enhance security, and streamline your web development workflow.

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Why Rate Limiting Matters for APIs

APIs are crucial in modern web development, but without proper safeguards, they are vulnerable to abuse. Rate limiting helps to:

Prevent denial-of-service (DoS) attacks
Control resource usage and server load
Protect against brute-force attempts
Provide a fair experience for all users

What Is Rate Limiting?

Rate limiting restricts the number of API requests a user can make within a specific timeframe. For example, you might allow 100 requests per 15 minutes per IP address.

Getting Started: Using Express Rate Limit

The easiest way to implement rate limiting with Express.js is by using the express-rate-limit middleware.

Install express-rate-limit

npm install express-rate-limit

Basic Rate Limiting Example

const express = require('express');\nconst rateLimit = require('express-rate-limit');\n\nconst app = express();\n\nconst limiter = rateLimit({\n  windowMs: 15 * 60 * 1000, // 15 minutes\n  max: 100, // Limit each IP to 100 requests per windowMs\n  message: 'Too many requests from this IP, please try again after 15 minutes',\n});\n\napp.use(limiter);\n\napp.get('/', (req, res) => {\n  res.send('Welcome to the API!');\n});\n\napp.listen(3000, () => {\n  console.log('Server is running on port 3000');\n});\n

Fine-Tuning Your Limiter

You can customize the limiter to suit your needs. For example, apply rate limiting only to specific routes:

app.use('/api/', limiter); // Apply only to API routes\n

Or set different limits for different endpoints:

const authLimiter = rateLimit({\n  windowMs: 10 * 60 * 1000, // 10 minutes\n  max: 5, // Limit to 5 requests per window\n});\n\napp.use('/api/auth/', authLimiter);\n

Advanced Options

Custom Responses: You can provide a custom handler for blocked requests.
Headers: By default, rate limit info is sent in HTTP headers. You can change or disable this.
Key Generators: Customize how unique clients are determined (e.g., by user ID instead of IP).

const limiter = rateLimit({\n  windowMs: 60 * 1000,\n  max: 10,\n  handler: (req, res) => {\n    res.status(429).json({ error: 'Rate limit exceeded. Please wait.' });\n  },\n  keyGenerator: req => req.user ? req.user.id : req.ip,\n  headers: true\n});\n

Best Practices for Rate Limiting APIs

Communicate limits to your users via documentation and headers.
Log blocked requests to monitor abuse.
Test your rate limits under load to ensure they meet your needs.
Be mindful of legitimate users who might get blocked (e.g., behind proxies).

Conclusion

Implementing rate limiting in your Express APIs is straightforward and essential for security and stability. The express-rate-limit middleware provides flexibility and ease of use. By fine-tuning your configuration, you can ensure your API serves users reliably, fairly, and securely.

Resources

Express Documentation
express-rate-limit on npm

\n","Rate Limiting APIs with Express: A Practical Guide","

Learn how to implement effective rate limiting in your Express APIs to enhance security and prevent abuse. Step-by-step tutorial with code examples.

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Introduction

API design is crucial in modern web development. Two prominent API styles—GraphQL and REST—offer different approaches to querying and manipulating data. But which one is right for your project? Let’s explore a practical comparison between GraphQL and REST, examining their key concepts, pros, cons, and use cases.

Understanding REST

What is REST?

REST (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. It uses standard HTTP methods—GET, POST, PUT, DELETE—to perform operations on resources represented by URLs.

Key Concepts

Resources: Identified by URIs (e.g., /users/1).
Stateless: Each request contains all the information needed for the server to fulfill it.
HTTP Methods: GET (retrieve), POST (create), PUT (update), DELETE (remove).
Response Formats: Usually JSON or XML.

Sample REST API Request

// Fetch a user\nGET /users/1\n

Understanding GraphQL

What is GraphQL?

GraphQL is a query language and server-side runtime developed by Facebook. It offers a flexible way to interact with data by allowing clients to specify exactly what information they need.

Key Concepts

Single Endpoint: All queries go to the same endpoint, often /graphql.
Strong Typing: Data structured by types and schemas.
Flexible Queries: Clients request exactly what they need—no more, no less.
Introspection: Clients can query the schema for available types and queries.

Sample GraphQL Query

{\n  user(id: 1) {\n    id\n    name\n    email\n  }\n}\n

GraphQL vs REST: Side-by-Side Comparison

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n

Feature	REST	GraphQL
Endpoints	Multiple (per resource)	Single (all queries/mutations)
Data Fetching	Returns fixed data structure	Client defines response shape
Over/Under Fetching	Common (extra or missing fields)	Rare (fetch only what you need)
Versioning	Often uses versioned URLs	No versioning, evolve types/fields
Caching	Easy with HTTP caching	More challenging, custom solutions

Advantages and Disadvantages

REST Pros

Well-established standard
Easy to cache responses
Works seamlessly with HTTP

REST Cons

Over/under fetching data
Numerous endpoints
Rigid structure

GraphQL Pros

Single endpoint
Clients fetch exactly what they need
Strong type system
Introspection and self-documentation

GraphQL Cons

Complexity in setup
Challenging to cache
Risk of performance issues with overly complex queries

When to Use REST

Simple, standardized CRUD APIs
Public-facing services with clear versioning needs
Projects relying on HTTP-level caching

When to Use GraphQL

Complex relational data or multiple clients (web, mobile)
Rapidly evolving frontend requirements
Needing precise control over API responses

Conclusion

Both GraphQL and REST have unique strengths and shortcomings. REST is ideal for straightforward, well-cached APIs, while GraphQL excels in complex, data-driven applications. Your choice should be guided by your project’s complexity, performance requirements, and team expertise.

Introduction to CRUD with Express and MongoDB

Creating reliable back-end solutions is at the heart of modern web development. Express.js and MongoDB are a popular combination for building fast and scalable applications. In this article, we’ll walk through how to implement CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations using Express and MongoDB—essential skills for any web developer.

What Are CRUD Operations?

Create – Add new data
Read – Retrieve data
Update – Modify existing data
Delete – Remove data

These four operations form the foundation of most database-driven applications.

Setting Up the Environment

Requirements

Node.js & npm installed
MongoDB (local or MongoDB Atlas account)
Basic knowledge of JavaScript

Project Initialization

mkdir express-mongo-crud\ncd express-mongo-crud\nnpm init -y\nnpm install express mongoose body-parser

Connecting Express to MongoDB

// app.js\nconst express = require('express');\nconst mongoose = require('mongoose');\nconst bodyParser = require('body-parser');\n\nconst app = express();\napp.use(bodyParser.json());\n\nmongoose.connect('mongodb://localhost:27017/crud-demo', {\n  useNewUrlParser: true,\n  useUnifiedTopology: true,\n});\n\nconst db = mongoose.connection;\ndb.on('error', console.error.bind(console, 'MongoDB connection error:'));\n

Defining a Mongoose Model

// models/User.js\nconst mongoose = require('mongoose');\n\nconst userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({\n  name: String,\n  email: String,\n  age: Number,\n});\n\nmodule.exports = mongoose.model('User', userSchema);\n

Implementing CRUD Routes

Create a New User

const User = require('./models/User');\n\n// CREATE\napp.post('/users', async (req, res) => {\n  try {\n    const user = new User(req.body);\n    await user.save();\n    res.status(201).json(user);\n  } catch (err) {\n    res.status(400).json({ error: err.message });\n  }\n});\n

Read All Users

// READ\napp.get('/users', async (req, res) => {\n  try {\n    const users = await User.find();\n    res.json(users);\n  } catch (err) {\n    res.status(500).json({ error: err.message });\n  }\n});\n

Update a User

// UPDATE\napp.put('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {\n  try {\n    const user = await User.findByIdAndUpdate(req.params.id, req.body, { new: true });\n    res.json(user);\n  } catch (err) {\n    res.status(400).json({ error: err.message });\n  }\n});\n

Delete a User

// DELETE\napp.delete('/users/:id', async (req, res) => {\n  try {\n    await User.findByIdAndDelete(req.params.id);\n    res.json({ message: 'User deleted' });\n  } catch (err) {\n    res.status(400).json({ error: err.message });\n  }\n});\n

Testing the API

You can use Postman or curl to test each endpoint. Try creating users and performing read, update, and delete actions to see your CRUD API in action!

Best Practices for CRUD APIs

Validate and sanitize user input to prevent security issues.
Use environment variables for sensitive configuration.
Organize routes and models in separate folders for maintainability.

Conclusion

With Express and MongoDB, building CRUD operations is both powerful and straightforward. Mastering these basics enables you to construct robust APIs, ready to power dynamic web applications. Happy coding!

\n","CRUD Operations with Express and MongoDB: A Beginner’s Guide","

Learn how to build a simple CRUD application with Express.js and MongoDB. This step-by-step guide covers creating, reading, updating, and deleting data with code examples.

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Introduction

When developing web applications in Node.js, using an ORM like Sequelize can simplify your interaction with databases. Sequelize is a powerful JavaScript ORM for SQL databases like MySQL, offering an intuitive API to manage your data models and queries. This guide will walk you through setting up Sequelize with MySQL, including basic configuration, model creation, and tips for troubleshooting.

Prerequisites

Node.js (v12 or later)
NPM or Yarn
A running MySQL database

Step 1: Install Sequelize and MySQL2

To get started, install the necessary packages in your project directory:

npm install sequelize mysql2

Or with Yarn:

yarn add sequelize mysql2

Step 2: Initialize Sequelize

Create a new file (e.g., database.js) to handle the database connection.

const { Sequelize } = require('sequelize');\n\nconst sequelize = new Sequelize('database_name', 'username', 'password', {\n  host: 'localhost',\n  dialect: 'mysql',\n  logging: false, // Disable logging; default: console.log\n});\n\nmodule.exports = sequelize;

Tips:

Replace database_name, username, and password with your MySQL credentials.
Consider using environment variables for sensitive information.

Step 3: Test the Connection

Always test your connection before moving forward:

const sequelize = require('./database');\n\n(async () => {\n  try {\n    await sequelize.authenticate();\n    console.log('Connected to MySQL database successfully!');\n  } catch (error) {\n    console.error('Unable to connect:', error);\n  }\n})();

Step 4: Define Your Models

Let’s create a sample model (e.g., User model) in a models/user.js file:

const { DataTypes } = require('sequelize');\nconst sequelize = require('../database');\n\nconst User = sequelize.define('User', {\n  username: {\n    type: DataTypes.STRING,\n    allowNull: false,\n  },\n  email: {\n    type: DataTypes.STRING,\n    unique: true,\n    allowNull: false,\n  },\n});\n\nmodule.exports = User;

Step 5: Sync Models with Database

Synchronize your models with the MySQL database:

const sequelize = require('./database');\nconst User = require('./models/user');\n\n(async () => {\n  await sequelize.sync({ force: true }); // Use force: false in production\n  console.log('All models were synchronized!');\n})();

Best Practices

Store secrets (DB credentials) in environment variables.
Organize models and configurations in separate folders.
Use migrations for schema changes (see Sequelize CLI documentation).
Validate your data models.
Set up error handling and logging.

Conclusion

By following these steps, you can set up Sequelize with MySQL for your Node.js projects efficiently. Sequelize empowers you to build scalable web applications while keeping your codebase clean and maintainable. For more tips and advanced configurations, refer to the official Sequelize documentation.

\n","Setting Up Sequelize with MySQL: A Step-by-Step Guide","

Learn how to set up Sequelize ORM with MySQL in your Node.js project. This guide covers configuration, models, and best practices for seamless integration.

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Introduction to JWT Authentication

In modern web development, secure authentication is a top priority. JSON Web Tokens (JWT) offer a powerful, stateless method to handle authentication in Node.js applications. In this article, you’ll learn what JWT is, why it’s popular, and how to implement JWT authentication in your own Node.js projects with clear, actionable steps and code examples.

What is JWT?

JWT stands for JSON Web Token. It’s an open standard (RFC 7519) for securely transmitting information between parties as a JSON object. JWTs are commonly used for authorization because they are compact, self-contained, and can be easily verified.

JWT Structure

Header: Metadata about the token and the algorithm used.
Payload: The actual data or claims.
Signature: Verifies that the token wasn’t altered.

Why Use JWT in Node.js?

Stateless authentication – No need to store session data on the server.
Scalable for distributed systems and APIs.
Easy integration with popular frameworks like Express.js.

Setting Up JWT Authentication in Node.js

Let’s walk through the steps to implement JWT authentication using Node.js and Express.

1. Install Dependencies

npm install express jsonwebtoken bcryptjs body-parser

2. Creating a User Model (Example)

For this example, let’s use an in-memory user for simplicity.

const users = [\n  { id: 1, username: 'admin', password: '$2a$10$7w.oiS6...'} // Hashed password\n];\n

3. Setting Up Express Server

const express = require('express');\nconst jwt = require('jsonwebtoken');\nconst bcrypt = require('bcryptjs');\nconst bodyParser = require('body-parser');\n\nconst app = express();\napp.use(bodyParser.json());\n\nconst SECRET_KEY = 'your_jwt_secret_key';\n

4. Implementing Login Route

app.post('/login', async (req, res) => {\n  const { username, password } = req.body;\n  const user = users.find(u => u.username === username);\n\n  if (!user) return res.status(401).json({ message: 'User not found' });\n  const validPassword = await bcrypt.compare(password, user.password);\n  if (!validPassword) return res.status(401).json({ message: 'Invalid password' });\n\n  const token = jwt.sign({ id: user.id, username: user.username }, SECRET_KEY, { expiresIn: '1h' });\n  res.json({ token });\n});\n

5. Creating Middleware to Protect Routes

function authenticateToken(req, res, next) {\n  const authHeader = req.headers['authorization'];\n  const token = authHeader && authHeader.split(' ')[1];\n  if (!token) return res.sendStatus(401);\n\n  jwt.verify(token, SECRET_KEY, (err, user) => {\n    if (err) return res.sendStatus(403);\n    req.user = user;\n    next();\n  });\n}\n

6. Protecting a Route

app.get('/profile', authenticateToken, (req, res) => {\n  res.json({ message: 'This is a protected profile route!', user: req.user });\n});\n

JWT Best Practices

Always store JWT secrets securely (use environment variables).
Set appropriate token expiration times (expiresIn).
Use HTTPS to secure token transmission.
Don’t store JWTs in localStorage in browser clients – use httpOnly cookies for additional security.

Conclusion

JWT authentication in Node.js is a robust and scalable approach for securing your APIs and web applications. By following these steps and best practices, you can enhance your application’s security while providing a seamless user experience.

Introduction

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source relational database. Combining it with Node.js allows web developers to build scalable, efficient applications with robust data storage. In this guide, we’ll walk you through connecting Node.js to PostgreSQL, performing CRUD operations, and ensuring best practices for security and performance.

Why Use PostgreSQL with Node.js?

Open Source & Free: PostgreSQL offers enterprise-level features with zero licensing cost.
Advanced Features: Full ACID compliance, JSON support, and powerful indexing.
Scalability: Easily manages large datasets and concurrent requests typical in web apps.

Getting Started: Prerequisites

Basic knowledge of JavaScript and Node.js.
PostgreSQL installed (Download here).
Node.js and npm installed (Get Node.js).

Step 1: Setting Up PostgreSQL Database

Start PostgreSQL server.

Create a new database and user:\n

psql -U postgres\nCREATE DATABASE mydb;\nCREATE USER devuser WITH ENCRYPTED PASSWORD 'devpass';\nGRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE mydb TO devuser;\n

Step 2: Install the ‘pg’ Node.js Library

In your Node.js project folder, install the PostgreSQL client for Node.js:

npm install pg

Step 3: Connecting Node.js to PostgreSQL

Use the pg library to connect to your PostgreSQL database. Below is a simple configuration using a connection pool:

const { Pool } = require('pg');\n\nconst pool = new Pool({\n  user: 'devuser',\n  host: 'localhost',\n  database: 'mydb',\n  password: 'devpass',\n  port: 5432,\n});\n\n// Testing the connection\npool.query('SELECT NOW()', (err, res) => {\n  if (err) {\n    console.error('Connection error', err.stack);\n  } else {\n    console.log('Connected:', res.rows[0]);\n  }\n  pool.end();\n});\n

Step 4: Performing CRUD Operations

Create

// Inserting a row\npool.query('INSERT INTO users(name, email) VALUES($1, $2)', ['Alice', 'alice@example.com']);\n

Read

// Fetching users\npool.query('SELECT * FROM users', (err, res) => {\n  console.log(res.rows);\n});\n

Update

// Updating user email\npool.query('UPDATE users SET email = $1 WHERE name = $2', ['alice@fulldev.pl', 'Alice']);\n

Delete

// Deleting a user\npool.query('DELETE FROM users WHERE name = $1', ['Alice']);\n

Best Practices

Use Environment Variables: Never hardcode credentials in your source code. Use packages like dotenv to manage sensitive information.
Handle Errors Gracefully: Always check for errors in query callbacks or use try/catch with async/await.
Close Connections: Prevent memory leaks by properly closing or reusing database connections.

Example Project Structure

project/\n  |-- db.js      // PostgreSQL connection setup\n  |-- index.js   // App entry point\n  |-- models/    // DB query functions\n

Conclusion

Integrating PostgreSQL with Node.js is straightforward and enables the creation of efficient, scalable web applications. With tools like pg, you can effortlessly manage your data and build modern web services.

What is Middleware in Express.js?

Middleware in Express.js is a cornerstone concept for building robust web applications. Simply put, middleware are functions that have access to the request, response objects, and the next() function in your Express app. They can execute code, modify the request and response, end the request-response cycle, or call the next middleware in the stack.

How Does Middleware Work?

In every HTTP request, Express runs through a chain of middleware functions. The order in which you declare these functions is crucial, as each one either passes control to the next via next() or ends the cycle by sending a response.

app.use((req, res, next) => {\n    console.log('Middleware executed!');\n    next();\n});\n

Types of Middleware in Express.js

Application-level Middleware: Attached to an app instance, used across your entire application.
Router-level Middleware: Used with instances of express.Router() to modularize and manage routes.
Built-in Middleware: Provided by Express (e.g., express.json(), express.static()).
Third-party Middleware: Packages like morgan (logger), body-parser, or cors, installed via npm.
Error-handling Middleware: Functions with four arguments—(err, req, res, next)—for tracking and responding to application errors.

Example: Application-level Middleware

app.use((req, res, next) => {\n    console.log(`${req.method} ${req.url}`);\n    next();\n});\n

Example: Error-handling Middleware

app.use((err, req, res, next) => {\n    console.error(err.stack);\n    res.status(500).send('Something broke!');\n});\n

Creating Custom Middleware

It’s easy to build powerful, custom middleware functions for tasks like authentication, logging, or data validation. Here’s a basic example for request time logging:

function requestTime(req, res, next) {\n    req.requestTime = Date.now();\n    next();\n}\napp.use(requestTime);\n\napp.get('/', (req, res) => {\n    res.send(`Requested at: ${req.requestTime}`);\n});\n

Tips for Effective Middleware Usage

Always call next() to pass control except when sending a response.
Modularize logic using router-level middleware for complex apps.
Handle errors gracefully with dedicated error-handling middleware.
Leverage third-party middleware for common tasks like CORS, cookies, or sessions.

Conclusion

Understanding middleware is essential for developing scalable and maintainable applications in Express.js. By mastering middleware, you unlock the ability to customize your app’s request/response cycle, enforce security, and keep code organized. Dive deeper, experiment with custom middleware, and stay curious for the best results in your web development journey!

\n","Understanding Middleware in Express.js","

Dive into Express.js middleware—learn what it is, how it works, its types, and how to write your own for powerful web application development.

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What is MongoDB?

MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database designed for ease of development and scalability. Unlike traditional, table-based SQL databases, MongoDB stores information in JSON-like documents. This flexibility makes it a strong choice for modern web development projects embracing dynamic, data-driven applications.

Key Concepts and Terminology

Document: The basic unit of data in MongoDB, similar to a JSON object.
Collection: A group of related documents, comparable to a table in SQL.
Database: A collection of collections.
BSON: Binary representation of JSON, used internally by MongoDB.
_id: A unique identifier for each document (automatically generated if not specified).

Why Choose MongoDB?

Schema Flexibility: Documents in the same collection don’t have to share the same structure.
Scalability: Handles large volumes of data and traffic.
Rich Query Support: Powerful queries, including filtering, aggregations, and text search.
Open Source: Free to use and backed by a large community.

Installing MongoDB

Visit the official MongoDB Download Center.
Select your OS, download, and follow the installation instructions.

Getting Started: Your First MongoDB Commands

After installation, you can interact with MongoDB using the mongo shell or by connecting with a driver (Node.js, Python, etc.).

// Start the MongoDB shell\nmongo\n\n// Create or switch to a database\ndb\nuse mydatabase\n\n// Insert a document into a collection\ndb.users.insertOne({ name: \"Alice\", age: 25 })\n\n// Query documents\ndb.users.find({ age: { $gt: 20 } })\n

Basic CRUD Operations

Create: insertOne, insertMany
Read: find, findOne
Update: updateOne, updateMany
Delete: deleteOne, deleteMany

// Update a document\ndb.users.updateOne({ name: \"Alice\" }, { $set: { age: 26 } })\n\n// Delete a document\ndb.users.deleteOne({ name: \"Alice\" })\n

Using MongoDB with Node.js (Example)

// Run: npm install mongodb\nconst { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');\n\n(async () => {\n  const uri = 'mongodb://localhost:27017';\n  const client = new MongoClient(uri);\n\n  try {\n    await client.connect();\n    const db = client.db('mydatabase');\n    const users = db.collection('users');\n    await users.insertOne({ name: 'Bob', age: 30 });\n    const result = await users.find({}).toArray();\n    console.log(result);\n  } finally {\n    await client.close();\n  }\n})();\n

Conclusion

MongoDB is a powerful, flexible database perfectly suited for modern web development. As you become more familiar with its features—like flexible schemas, rich querying, and integration with popular programming languages—you’ll be able to build robust and scalable applications.

Ready for deeper dives? Check out advanced topics such as indexing, data modeling, and performance tuning in future blog posts here at fulldev.pl!

\n","Introduction to MongoDB for Beginners","

Discover MongoDB—the flexible, high-performance NoSQL database. Learn its basic concepts, features, and how to get started for modern web development.

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Introduction

Building a REST API has become an essential skill for web developers, as APIs act as the backbone that connects front-end and back-end systems. Node.js, combined with the Express framework, offers a fast and flexible way to create scalable REST APIs. In this guide, we’ll walk you through the process of setting up a REST API from scratch using Node and Express.

Why Use Node and Express?

Non-blocking, event-driven architecture: Node.js is highly efficient for I/O-heavy operations.
Lightweight and fast: Express minimizes boilerplate and makes routing simple.
Large ecosystem: Plenty of packages on npm make adding features easy.

Setting Up the Project

Install Node.js from the official website.
Create a new folder for your project and initialize it:\n
```
mkdir node-rest-api\ncd node-rest-api\nnpm init -y
```
\n
Install Express:\n
```
npm install express
```
\n

Creating Your First Express Server

const express = require('express');\nconst app = express();\nconst port = 3000;\n\napp.use(express.json());\n\napp.get('/', (req, res) => {\n  res.send('Welcome to the Node.js REST API!');\n});\n\napp.listen(port, () => {\n  console.log(`Server running on http://localhost:${port}`);\n});\n

Run node index.js to start your server.

Defining RESTful Routes

A REST API typically supports CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations. Let’s build a basic API for managing a list of books.

Sample Data

let books = [\n  { id: 1, title: 'The Pragmatic Programmer', author: 'Andrew Hunt' },\n  { id: 2, title: 'Clean Code', author: 'Robert C. Martin' }\n];\n

Setting Up CRUD Endpoints

// Get all books\napp.get('/books', (req, res) => {\n  res.json(books);\n});\n\n// Get a single book\napp.get('/books/:id', (req, res) => {\n  const book = books.find(b => b.id === parseInt(req.params.id));\n  if (!book) return res.status(404).send('Book not found');\n  res.json(book);\n});\n\n// Add a book\napp.post('/books', (req, res) => {\n  const { title, author } = req.body;\n  const newBook = {\n    id: books.length + 1,\n    title,\n    author\n  };\n  books.push(newBook);\n  res.status(201).json(newBook);\n});\n\n// Update a book\napp.put('/books/:id', (req, res) => {\n  const book = books.find(b => b.id === parseInt(req.params.id));\n  if (!book) return res.status(404).send('Book not found');\n  book.title = req.body.title;\n  book.author = req.body.author;\n  res.json(book);\n});\n\n// Delete a book\napp.delete('/books/:id', (req, res) => {\n  books = books.filter(b => b.id !== parseInt(req.params.id));\n  res.status(204).send();\n});\n

Best Practices

Use middleware for logging, authentication, and error handling.
Validate incoming data (use libraries like joi or express-validator).
Handle errors gracefully and return meaningful HTTP status codes.
Structure your project with separate folders for routes, controllers, and models as it grows.

Conclusion

In this article, we’ve built a simple REST API with Node.js and Express, and covered the foundations of setting up routes and handling CRUD operations. This foundation prepares you for more advanced topics like integrating with databases (MongoDB, PostgreSQL), authentication, and deploying your API. Happy coding!

\n","Building a REST API with Node and Express","

Learn how to build a robust REST API using Node.js and Express. Step-by-step guide covering setup, routing, CRUD operations, and best practices.

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Introduction

Why Use Environment Variables?

Accessing Environment Variables in Node.js

Setting Environment Variables

On Unix/Linux/macOS

On Windows (CMD)

On Windows (PowerShell)

Using a .env File with dotenv

Installation

Usage

Best Practices

Example: Config Management in Node.js

Conclusion

Why Rate Limiting Matters for APIs

What Is Rate Limiting?

Getting Started: Using Express Rate Limit

Install express-rate-limit

Basic Rate Limiting Example

Fine-Tuning Your Limiter

Advanced Options

Best Practices for Rate Limiting APIs

Conclusion

Resources

Introduction

Understanding REST

What is REST?

Key Concepts

Sample REST API Request

Understanding GraphQL

What is GraphQL?

Key Concepts

Sample GraphQL Query

GraphQL vs REST: Side-by-Side Comparison

Advantages and Disadvantages

REST Pros

REST Cons

GraphQL Pros

GraphQL Cons

When to Use REST

When to Use GraphQL

Conclusion

Further Reading

Introduction to CRUD with Express and MongoDB

What Are CRUD Operations?

Setting Up the Environment

Requirements

Project Initialization

Connecting Express to MongoDB

Defining a Mongoose Model

Implementing CRUD Routes

Create a New User

Read All Users

Update a User

Delete a User

Testing the API

Best Practices for CRUD APIs

Conclusion

Introduction

Prerequisites

Step 1: Install Sequelize and MySQL2

Step 2: Initialize Sequelize

Step 3: Test the Connection

Step 4: Define Your Models

Step 5: Sync Models with Database

Best Practices

Conclusion

Introduction to JWT Authentication

What is JWT?

JWT Structure

Why Use JWT in Node.js?

Setting Up JWT Authentication in Node.js

1. Install Dependencies

2. Creating a User Model (Example)

3. Setting Up Express Server

4. Implementing Login Route

5. Creating Middleware to Protect Routes

6. Protecting a Route

JWT Best Practices

Conclusion

Further Reading